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IBD Nutrition Navigator™
The evidence-based tool that empowers patients and clinicians to work together and explore personalized dietary options to optimize IBD care.
Before continuing, please confirm that you have read and understand the following information. The IBD Nutrition Navigator is designed to facilitate conversations between patients and their healthcare providers. It is not a source of medical advice and should not replace the professional judgment of a healthcare provider.
The content within the IBD Nutrition Navigator reflects the information available at the time of its last update. Consult a healthcare provider to ensure the most current and relevant information is considered.
The IBD Nutrition Navigator™
An Option for Every Patient
In response to the growing demand for integrating evidence-based nutrition into IBD care, we provide the IBD Nutrition Navigator™ as an intuitive interactive tool. This model places patients at the center, prioritizing their interests, resources, and goals, fostering collaborative decision-making between patients and healthcare providers.
By inviting patients to explore tailored dietary modifications in combination with their medications, we strive to achieve higher and more sustainable remission rates and enhance overall well-being. Engaging early in nutrition discussions empowers patients to help manage their condition while minimizing self-experimentation risks.
The IBD Nutrition Navigator facilitates meaningful nutrition discussions, offering healthcare providers valuable insights while guiding patients through a simple, step-by-step approach grounded in clinical evidence.
Before continuing, please confirm that you have read and understand the following information. The IBD Nutrition Navigator is designed to facilitate conversations between patients and their healthcare providers. It is not a source of medical advice and should not replace the professional judgment of a healthcare provider.
The content within the IBD Nutrition Navigator reflects the information available at the time of its last update. Consult a healthcare provider to ensure the most current and relevant information is considered.
Ashwin Ananthakrishnan, MD, MPH
"A groundbreaking algorithm-based tool designed to assist healthcare providers and patients in determining a personalized approach to using nutritional therapy alongside medication to optimize care."
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Algorithm with Accompanying Text and References
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References
References by Categories
Considerations for EEN/PEN
Recommended first line for pediatric ileal CD
- van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Assa A, et al. The Medical Management of Paediatric Crohn’s Disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN Guideline Update. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2021;15(2):171-194. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa161
- Mack DR, Benchimol EI, Critch J, et al. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Medical Management of Pediatric Luminal Crohn’s Disease. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. 2019;2(3):e35-e63. doi:10.1093/jcag/gwz018
- Ho SSC, Day AS. Exclusive enteral nutrition in children with inflammatory bowel disease: Physician perspectives and practice. JGH Open. 2019;3(2):148-153. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12121
- Ishige T, Tomomasa T, Tajiri H, Yoden A, Japanese Study Group for Pediatric Crohn’s Disease. Japanese physicians’ attitudes towards enteral nutrition treatment for pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease: a questionnaire survey. Intest Res. 2017;15(3):345. doi:10.5217/ir.2017.15.3.345
- Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL, et al. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2014;8(10):1179-1207. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2014.04.005
- Ueno F, Matsui T, Matsumoto T, Matsuoka K, Watanabe M, Hibi T. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for Crohn’s disease, integrated with formal consensus of experts in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(1):31-72. doi:10.1007/s00535-012-0673-1
- Critch J, Day AS, Otley A, King-Moore C, Teitelbaum JE, Shashidhar H. Use of Enteral Nutrition for the Control of Intestinal Inflammation in Pediatric Crohn Disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2012;54(2):298-305. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318235b397
Benefits include
- Wong K, Isaac DM, Wine E. Growth Delay in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Significance, Causes, and Management. Dig Dis Sci. 2021;66(4):954-964. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06759-5
- Matuszczyk M, Meglicka M, Landowski P, et al. Oral exclusive enteral nutrition for induction of clinical remission, mucosal healing, and improvement of nutritional status and growth velocity in children with active Crohn’s disease – a prospective multicentre trial. pg. 2021;16(4):346-351. doi:10.5114/pg.2021.111483
- Miller T, Suskind DL. Exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2018;30(5):671-676. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000660
- Day AS, Lopez RN. Exclusive enteral nutrition in children with Crohn’s disease. WJG. 2015;21(22):6809-6816. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.6809
Use in Complicated Disease
- Adamji M, Day AS. An overview of the role of exclusive enteral nutrition for complicated Crohn’s disease. Intest Res. 2019;17(2):171-176. doi:10.5217/ir.2018.00079
- Yang Q, Gao X, Chen H, et al. Efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition in complicated Crohn’s disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Published online June 9, 2017:1-7. doi:10.1080/00365521.2017.1335770
- Heerasing N, Thompson B, Hendy P, et al. Exclusive enteral nutrition provides an effective bridge to safer interval elective surgery for adults with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):660-669. doi:10.1111/apt.13934
- Hu D, Ren J, Wang G, et al. Exclusive Enteral Nutritional Therapy Can Relieve Inflammatory Bowel Stricture in Crohn’s Disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2014;48(9):790-795. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000041
Benefits in Hospitalized patients
- Meade S, Patel KV, Luber RP, et al. A retrospective cohort study: pre-operative oral enteral nutritional optimisation for Crohn’s disease in a UK tertiary IBD centre. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56(4):646-663. doi:10.1111/apt.17055
- Chiu E, Oleynick C, Raman M, Bielawska B. Optimizing Inpatient Nutrition Care of Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the 21st Century. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1581. doi:10.3390/nu13051581
- Palchaudhuri S, Albenberg L, Lewis JD. Diet Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Better Options Than Nil Per Os. Crohn’s & Colitis 360. 2020;2(4):otaa059. doi:10.1093/crocol/otaa059
- Yamamoto T, Nakahigashi M, Shimoyama T, Umegae S. Does preoperative enteral nutrition reduce the incidence of surgical complications in patients with Crohn’s disease? A case‐matched study. Colorectal Dis. 2020;22(5):554-561. doi:10.1111/codi.14922
- Harris RE, Duncan H, Buchanan E, et al. Prehabilitation: The Impact of Preoperative Exclusive Enteral Nutrition on Paediatric Patients With Crohn Disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2020;70(4):503-507. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002595
Use in Adults
- Melton SL, Fitzpatrick JA, Taylor KM, Halmos EP, Gibson PR. Lessons from an audit of exclusive enteral nutrition in adult inpatients and outpatients with active Crohn’s disease: a single-centre experience. Frontline Gastroenterol. Published online June 24, 2022:flgastro-2022-102173. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2022-102173
- . Fitzpatrick JA, Melton SL, Yao CK, Gibson PR, Halmos EP. Dietary management of adults with IBD — the emerging role of dietary therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(10):652-669. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00619-5
- Kakkadasam Ramaswamy P, Group GCIBDR. Exclusive enteral nutrition with oral polymeric diet helps in inducing clinical and biochemical remission in adults with active Crohn’s disease. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2022;46(2):423-432. doi:10.1002/jpen.2273
- Mitrev N, Huang H, Hannah B, Kariyawasam VC. Review of exclusive enteral therapy in adult Crohn’s disease. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2021;8(1):e000745. doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000745
- Day A, Wood J, Melton S, Bryant RV. Exclusive enteral nutrition: An optimal care pathway for use in adult patients with active Crohn’s disease. JGH Open. 2019;4(2):260-266. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12256
- Nguyen DL, Limketkai B, Medici V, Saire Mendoza M, Palmer L, Bechtold M. Nutritional Strategies in the Management of Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Dietary Considerations from Active Disease to Disease Remission. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;18(10):55. doi:10.1007/s11894-016-0527-8
Trials in UC Lacking
- Shaoul R, Brown S, Day AS. Reasoning Beyond the Potential Use of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and Other Specified Diets in Children With Ulcerative Colitis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2018;66(3):378-382. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001785
PEN with regular diet Is not effective to induce remission
- Lee D, Baldassano RN, Otley AR, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional and Biological Therapy in North American Children with Active Crohnʼs Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2015;21(8):1786-1793. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000426
PEN+CDED Is effective for inducing remission
- Levine A, Wine E, Assa A, et al. Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet Plus Partial Enteral Nutrition Induces Sustained Remission in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(2):440-450.e8. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.021
- Sigall Boneh R, Sarbagili Shabat C, Yanai H, et al. Dietary Therapy With the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet is a Successful Strategy for Induction of Remission in Children and Adults Failing Biological Therapy. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2017;11(10):1205-1212. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx071
- Sigall-Boneh R, Pfeffer-Gik T, Segal I, Zangen T, Boaz M, Levine A. Partial Enteral Nutrition with a Crohnʼs Disease Exclusion Diet Is Effective for Induction of Remission in Children and Young Adults with Crohnʼs Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2014;20(8):1353-1360. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000110
Therapeutic Diets
- Sigall Boneh R, Navas-López VM, Hussey S, et al. Modified Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet Maintains Remission in Pediatric Crohn's Disease; Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Published online December 26, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2024.12.006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39732356/
- Correia I, Oliveira PA, Antunes ML, Raimundo MDG, Moreira AC. Is There Evidence of Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) in Remission of Active Disease in Children and Adults? A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2024;16(7):987. Published 2024 Mar 28. doi:10.3390/nu16070987 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613020/
- Russell EE, Day AS, Dimitroff C, et al. Practical application of the Crohn's disease exclusion diet as therapy in an adult Australian population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;39(3):446-456. doi:10.1111/jgh.16414 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38059536/
- Fliss-Isakov N, Aviv Cohen N, Bromberg A, et al. Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease: Real-World Experience from a Tertiary Center. J Clin Med. 2023;12(16):5428. Published 2023 Aug 21. doi:10.3390/jcm12165428 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37629470/
- Jijón Andrade MC, Pujol Muncunill G, Lozano Ruf A, et al. Efficacy of Crohn's disease exclusion diet in treatment -naïve children and children progressed on biological therapy: a retrospective chart review. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23(1):225. Published 2023 Jun 29. doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02857-6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37386458/
- Fliss Isakov N, Kornblum J, Zemel M, Cohen NA, Hirsch A, Maharshak N. The Effect of the Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet on Patients With Pouch Inflammation: An Interventional Pilot Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(6):1654-1656.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.03.049. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35447313/
- Verburgt CM, Dunn KA, Ghiboub M, et al. Successful Dietary Therapy in Paediatric Crohn’s Disease is Associated with Shifts in Bacterial Dysbiosis and Inflammatory Metabotype Towards Healthy Controls. J Crohns Colitis. Published online September 15, 2022:jjac105. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac105
- Matuszczyk M, Meglicka M, Wiernicka A, et al. Effect of the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) on the Fecal Calprotectin Level in Children with Active Crohn’s Disease. J Clin Med. 2022;11(14):4146. doi:10.3390/jcm11144146
- Yanai H, Levine A, Hirsch A, et al. The Crohn’s disease exclusion diet for induction and maintenance of remission in adults with mild-to-moderate Crohn’s disease (CDED-AD): an open-label, pilot, randomised trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2022;7(1):49-59. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00299-5
- Niseteo T, Sila S, Trivić I, Mišak Z, Kolaček S, Hojsak I. Modified Crohn's disease exclusion diet is equally effective as exclusive enteral nutrition: Real-world data. Nutr Clin Pract. 2022;37(2):435-441. doi:10.1002/ncp.10752 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34339527
- Lewis JD, Sandler RS, Brotherton C, et al. A Randomized Trial Comparing the Specific Carbohydrate Diet to a Mediterranean Diet in Adults With Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(3):837-852.e9. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.05.047
- Sigall Boneh R, Van Limbergen J, Wine E, et al. Dietary Therapies Induce Rapid Response and Remission in Pediatric Patients With Active Crohn’s Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021;19(4):752-759. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.006
- Suskind DL, Lee D, Kim YM, et al. The Specific Carbohydrate Diet and Diet Modification as Induction Therapy for Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Randomized Diet Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3749. doi:10.3390/nu12123749
- Levine A, Wine E, Assa A, et al. Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet Plus Partial Enteral Nutrition Induces Sustained Remission in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(2):440-450.e8. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.021
- Suskind DL, Cohen SA, Brittnacher MJ, et al. Clinical and Fecal Microbial Changes With Diet Therapy in Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2018;52(2):155-163. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000772
- Konijeti GG, Kim N, Lewis JD, et al. Efficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2017;23(11):2054-2060. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000001221
- Sigall Boneh R, Sarbagili Shabat C, Yanai H, et al. Dietary Therapy With the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet is a Successful Strategy for Induction of Remission in Children and Adults Failing Biological Therapy. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2017;11(10):1205-1212. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx071
- Kakodkar S, Farooqui AJ, Mikolaitis SL, Mutlu EA. The Specific Carbohydrate Diet for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case Series. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015;115(8):1226-1232. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.04.016
- Olendzki BC, Silverstein TD, Persuitte GM, Ma Y, Baldwin KR, Cave D. An anti-inflammatory diet as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a case series report. Nutr J. 2014;13:5. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-5
- Cohen SA, Gold BD, Oliva S, et al. Clinical and Mucosal Improvement With Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Pediatric Crohn Disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2014;59(4):516-521. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000449
- Sigall-Boneh R, Pfeffer-Gik T, Segal I, Zangen T, Boaz M, Levine A. Partial Enteral Nutrition with a Crohnʼs Disease Exclusion Diet Is Effective for Induction of Remission in Children and Young Adults with Crohnʼs Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2014;20(8):1353-1360. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000110
PEN - Partial Enteral Nutrition
- Scarallo L, Lionetti P. Dietary Management in Pediatric Patients with Crohn’s Disease. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1611. doi:10.3390/nu13051611
- van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Assa A, et al. The Medical Management of Paediatric Crohn’s Disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN Guideline Update. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2021;15(2):171-194. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa161
- Shinozaki M, Yokoyama T, Saigusa N, et al. Elemental diet therapy plays a significant role in preventing surgical recurrence of Crohn’s disease in the era of biologics. Surg Today. 2021;51(2):250-257. doi:10.1007/s00595-020-02112-5
- Yang H, Feng R, Li T, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis of partial enteral nutrition for the maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Nutrition Research. 2020;81:7-18. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.006
- Gkikas K, Gerasimidis K, Milling S, Ijaz UZ, Hansen R, Russell RK. Dietary Strategies for Maintenance of Clinical Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Are We There Yet? Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2018. doi:10.3390/nu12072018
- Hirai F, Takeda T, Takada Y, et al. Efficacy of enteral nutrition in patients with Crohn’s disease on maintenance anti-TNF-alpha antibody therapy: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(2):133-141. doi:10.1007/s00535-019-01634-1
- Mack DR, Benchimol EI, Critch J, et al. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Medical Management of Pediatric Luminal Crohn’s Disease. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. 2019;2(3):e35-e63. doi:10.1093/jcag/gwz018
- Miller T, Suskind DL. Exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2018;30(5):671-676. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000660
- El-Matary W, Otley A, Critch J, Abou-Setta AM. Enteral Feeding Therapy for Maintaining Remission in Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(4):550-561. doi:10.1177/0148607115621051
- Schulman JM, Pritzker L, Shaoul R. Maintenance of Remission with Partial Enteral Nutrition Therapy in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Retrospective Study. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2017;2017:1-7. doi:10.1155/2017/5873158
- Kang Y, Kim S, Kim† SY, Koh H. Effect of Short-Term Partial Enteral Nutrition on the Treatment of Younger Patients with Severe Crohn’s Disease. Gut Liver. 2015;9(1):87-93. doi:10.5009/gnl13345
- Lee D, Baldassano RN, Otley AR, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional and Biological Therapy in North American Children with Active Crohnʼs Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2015;21(8):1786-1793. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000426
- Duncan H, Buchanan E, Cardigan T, et al. A retrospective study showing maintenance treatment options for paediatric CD in the first year following diagnosis after induction of remission with EEN: supplemental enteral nutrition is better than nothing! BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14(1):50. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-14-50
- Critch J, Day AS, Otley A, King-Moore C, Teitelbaum JE, Shashidhar H. Use of Enteral Nutrition for the Control of Intestinal Inflammation in Pediatric Crohn Disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2012;54(2):298-305. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318235b397
- Yamamoto T, Nakahigashi M, Saniabadi AR, et al. Impacts of long-term enteral nutrition on clinical and endoscopic disease activities and mucosal cytokines during remission in patients with Crohn’s disease: A prospective study. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2007;13(12):1493-1501. doi:10.1002/ibd.20238
- Takagi S, Utsunomiya K, Kuriyama S, et al. Effectiveness of an ‘half elemental diet’ as maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease: a randomized-controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006;24(9):1333-1340. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03120.x
MED - Mediterranean Diet
- García-Mateo S, Martínez-Domínguez SJ, Gargallo-Puyuelo CJ, et al. Healthy Lifestyle Is a Protective Factor from Moderate and Severe Relapses and Steroid Use in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025;31(1):95-104. doi:10.1093/ibd/izae062
- Chicco F, Magrì S, Cingolani A, et al. Multidimensional Impact of Mediterranean Diet on IBD Patients. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2021;27(1):1-9. doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa097
- Lewis JD, Sandler RS, Brotherton C, et al. A Randomized Trial Comparing the Specific Carbohydrate Diet to a Mediterranean Diet in Adults With Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(3):837-852.e9. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.05.047
- Strisciuglio C, Cenni S, Serra MR, et al. Effectiveness of Mediterranean Diet’s Adherence in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3206. doi:10.3390/nu12103206
- Godny L, Reshef L, Pfeffer-Gik T, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with decreased fecal calprotectin in patients with ulcerative colitis after pouch surgery. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(7):3183-3190. doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02158-3
Healthy Eating Steps
- Levine A, Rhodes JM, Lindsay JO, et al. Dietary Guidance From the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;18(6):1381-1392. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.01.046
- Nazarenkov N, Seeger K, Beeken L, et al. Implementing Dietary Modifications and Assessing Nutritional Adequacy of Diets for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2019;15(3):133-144. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061655/
- 13. Sasson AN, Ananthakrishnan AN, Raman M. Diet in Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021;19(3):425-435.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.11.054
- Levine A, Rhodes JM, Lindsay JO, et al. Dietary Guidance From the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;18(6):1381-1392. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.01.046
- Laudisi, Stolfi, Monteleone. Impact of Food Additives on Gut Homeostasis. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2334. doi:10.3390/nu11102334
- Marion-Letellier R, Amamou A, Savoye G, Ghosh S. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Food Additives: To Add Fuel on the Flames! Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1111. doi:10.3390/nu11051111
- Chassaing B, Van de Wiele T, De Bodt J, Marzorati M, Gewirtz AT. Dietary emulsifiers directly alter human microbiota composition and gene expression ex vivo potentiating intestinal inflammation. Gut. 2017;66(8):1414-1427. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313099
Low FODMAP
- Singh P, Chey SW, Nee J, et al. Is a Simplified, Less Restrictive Low FODMAP Diet Possible? Results From a Double-Blind, Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23(2):362-364.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2024.04.021
- Więcek M, Panufnik P, Kaniewska M, Lewandowski K, Rydzewska G. Low-FODMAP Diet for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Remission of IBD. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4562. doi:10.3390/nu14214562
- Peng Z, Yi J, Liu X. A Low-FODMAP Diet Provides Benefits for Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms but Not for Improving Stool Consistency and Mucosal Inflammation in IBD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14(10):2072. doi:10.3390/nu14102072
- Popa SL, Pop C, Dumitrascu DL. Diet Advice for Crohn’s Disease: FODMAP and Beyond. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3751. doi:10.3390/nu12123751
- Cox SR, Lindsay JO, Fromentin S, et al. Effects of Low FODMAP Diet on Symptoms, Fecal Microbiome, and Markers of Inflammation in Patients With Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Randomized Trial. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):176-188.e7. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.024
- Colombel JF, Shin A, Gibson PR. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2019;17(3):380-390.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.001
- Zhan Y le, Zhan Y an, Dai S xue. Is a low FODMAP diet beneficial for patients with inflammatory bowel disease? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(1):123-129. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.019
- Testa A, Imperatore N, Rispo A, et al. Beyond Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Efficacy of the Low Fodmap Diet for Improving Symptoms in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Celiac Disease. Dig Dis. 2018;36(4):271-280. doi:10.1159/000489487
- Pedersen N, Ankersen DV, Felding M, et al. Low-FODMAP diet reduces irritable bowel symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(18):3356-3366. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i18.3356
- Prince AC, Myers CE, Joyce T, Irving P, Lomer M, Whelan K. Fermentable Carbohydrate Restriction (Low FODMAP Diet) in Clinical Practice Improves Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2016;22(5):1129-1136. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000708
Lactose-free or Dairy-free and/or Gluten-free
- Dahar MM, Ramos Rivers C, Ahsan M, et al. Positive Gluten Sensitivity Serologies and the Impact of Gluten-free Diet in Patients With IBD. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2022;28(8):e122-e123. doi:10.1093/ibd/izac045
- Aziz I, Branchi F, Pearson K, Priest J, Sanders DS. A Study Evaluating the Bidirectional Relationship Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Self-reported Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2015;21(4):847-853. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000335
- Herfarth HH, Martin CF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD, Long MD. Prevalence of a Gluten-free Diet and Improvement of Clinical Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2014;20(7):1194-1197. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000077
Minimize Trigger Foods
- Riordan AM, Hunter JO, Cowan RE, et al. Treatment of active Crohn’s disease by exclusion diet: East Anglian multicentre controlled trial. Lancet. 1993;342(8880):1131. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92121-9
Considerations for Primary Therapy
- Ananthakrishnan AN, Raffals L. IBD can be treated with diet alone. GI &Hepatology News. Published October 26, 2020. Accessed December 12, 2022. https://www.mdedge.com/gihepnews/article/230674/ibd-intestinal-disorders/ibd-can-be-treated-diet-alone
- Levine A, El-Matary W, Van Limbergen J. A Case-Based Approach to New Directions in Dietary Therapy of Crohn’s Disease: Food for Thought. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):880. doi:10.3390/nu12030880
- Green N, Miller T, Suskind D, Lee D. A Review of Dietary Therapy for IBD and a Vision for the Future. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):947. doi:10.3390/nu11050947
- Nazarenkov N, Seeger K, Beeken L, et al. Implementing Dietary Modifications and Assessing Nutritional Adequacy of Diets for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2019;15(3):133-144. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061655/
Before continuing, please confirm that you have read and understand the following information. The IBD Nutrition Navigator is designed to facilitate conversations between patients and their healthcare providers. It is not a source of medical advice and should not replace the professional judgment of a healthcare provider.
The content within the IBD Nutrition Navigator reflects the information available at the time of its last update. Consult a healthcare provider to ensure the most current and relevant information is considered.
The development of this tool is supported by an educational grant from
Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc.